An Analysis Of Alice Walker s Everyday Use - 989 Words

Leslie Mosley Amy LaPalme English 102 22 January 2015 Heritage: The Various Interpretations in Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† According to The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2015), heritage is defined as, â€Å"traditions, achievements, beliefs, etc., that are part of the history of a group or nation† (â€Å"Heritage†). Heritage takes on mixed meanings for different people as a consequence of life experiences and belief systems. Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† utilizes characters with varying ideas of â€Å"heritage† to enlighten the world of the issues inside the African American community. The short story â€Å"Everyday Use† was written in 1973 at the end of the Civil Rights Era and beginning of the age of freedom; it embodies the struggle within a family to differentiate between authentic American traditions and new age notions of African history. Walker uses juxtaposing lead characters to symbolize the contrast between true, folk legacy and Dee’s romanticized idea of heritage. â€Å"Everyday Use† distinguishes the conflicting opinions of three African American women, and how they each express their own philosophies of family heritage. Mrs. Johnson is the living matriarch of the family in â€Å"Everyday Use†. Walker presents her character as strong, â€Å"big-boned†, with the ability to handle situations in a masculine manner stating, â€Å"I was always better at a man’s job† (Walker 8). Mrs. Johnson remembers her ancestors with a certain reverence, and she and Maggie both share similar attitudes towards theirShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of Alice Walker s Everyday Use2414 Words   |  10 PagesTulsi Rizal Prof. Mary Huffer Eng122 24 April 2016 Critical Analysis of Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† Alice Walker, most revered African American writer of the present time was born on 9th February 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She started her career as a social worker/activist, followed by teaching and and being a writer. She has won many awards for her fantastic social and literary works. Everyday use† was published in 1973, when African Americans were struggling to revive their original African cultureRead MoreAnalysis Of Alice Walker s Everyday Use935 Words   |  4 Pageswhen the writer states what the characteristics of the character are. Meanwhile, indirect characterization is when the writer shows the characters characterization through their actions. Although, not everyone has the same perspective. â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker is a short story that reveals how different perspectives can be misleading. Portrayed as a realistic fiction, many readers can relate to this short story due its difference between perspectives. A story in which two sisters and a moth erRead MoreAn Analysis of Alice Walkers quot;everyday Usequot; Essay929 Words   |  4 Pagesp An Analysis of Alice Walkers Everyday Usep Alice Walkers novel, The Color Purple, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982. This novel, in addition to her short story collections and other novels, continue to touch the emotions of a vast audience. This ability, according to critics, has solidified her reputation as one of the major figures in contemporary literature (Gwynn 462). Born to sharecroppers in Eatonton, Georgia, in 1944, Alice Walkers life was not always easy. Her parents strived toRead MoreEveryday Use by Alice Walker an Analysis1049 Words   |  5 PagesTamica Powell September 30, 2011 Everyday Use Analysis Everyday Use is a compelling story of a mothers conflicting relationships with her two daughters. Maggie, which the mother feels contains more practical and traditional ways of living life and then Dee her oldest and most promising daughter, who she feels has broken away from tradition and has lost a lot of their heritage. At first glance you would see this as the normal mother daughter spat of maybe the wild child versus the littleRead MoreThe Heritage Of The Past1402 Words   |  6 Pagesroots. The recognition of heritage in Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† and Seamus Heaney’s â€Å"Digging,† approach the nourishment of heritage in different ways. Heaney diversifies the heritage of a father and grandfather digging in the potato fields, through an identity as a poet, by â€Å"digging† with a pen. However, Walker recognizes heritage through the heirlooms of quilts made by a grandmother, but rebels against the heritage by fulfilling a new ide ntity. Heaney and Walker acknowledge and revere heritage, butRead MoreAnalysis Of Walker s Everyday Use863 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† The short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† by Alice Walker, contains multiple different literary elements. History and heritage play a key role in the development and conclusion of this rather intriguing story. Although history and heritage are important, the driving factors of this story are the literary elements. In particular the elements of symbols, characterization, and point of view in this story are significant. The use of symbols in this short story provide a deeperRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Alice Walker s The Color Purple1489 Words   |  6 PagesSisterhood and Feminism: A Literary Analysis of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple Behind every beautiful thing, there s some kind of pain. The color purple represents royalty and nobility, which can be use to describe the personality of Celie and Nettie and their value of life. Purple is created by combining a strong warm with a strong cool color. The one color contain two completely opposite colors which represent price of royalty and nobility. The Color Purple using epistolary style to describeRead MoreAlice Malsenior6001 Words   |  25 PagesAlice Walker: Peeling an Essence As an African- American novelist, short–story writer, essayist, poet, critic, and editor, Alice Walker’s plethora of literary works examines many aspects of African American life as well as historical issues that are further developed by Walker’s unique point of view. Writers like Alice Walker make it possible to bring words and emotions to voices and events that are often silenced. Far from the traditional image of the artist, she has sought what amounts to aRead Moreevery day use3221 Words   |  13 Pagessection number Date Paper draft (for example, Paper #1 Draft A or In-class Essay #2) On subsequent pages, in the upper right corner write: The paper s title Your name Page number Character analysis of the story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker 1) Pay attention to the character’s ethics. Does the character make just or unjust choices? Consider Atticus Finch in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. Atticus does not make morallyRead MoreBusiness and Management2600 Words   |  11 Pagesat the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Barnet, S., Cain, W.E., Burto, W. (2011). Literature for composition: Essays, stories, poems, and plays (9th ed.). New York, NY: Longman. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Elements of Literature—Stories

The Damage to Germany after World War Two and its...

The Damage to Germany after World War Two and its Reconstruction Every time there is a war at least one country has to deal with the consequences left behind. After World War II numerous countries had to face reconstruction because they were damaged economically as well as physically. One of these countries was Germany. During the reconstruction of the country a large number of foreign laborers, also known as â€Å"Gastarbeiter†, came to Germany due to the shortage of a native workforce. After the economy stabilized Germany kept importing labor rather than taking industry, capital and jobs offshore in search of lower labor costs. Workers, especially from Turkey, Yugoslavia, Poland, Italy and Greece came with their families to seek work.†¦show more content†¦At first, a residence permit is granted for one year only and is tied to designated employment. A foreigner who has been in Germany legally for at least five years and is considered to have integrated himself into the economic and social life is eligible to receive a domicile pe rmit (Aufenthaltsberechtigung). Once granted, the permit allows its holder to move within the country without restrictions. Work permits are issued by the federal Labor Office (Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit). All aliens intending to work in Germany need a work permit. There are two classes of work permits. One is a general permit, issued normally for one year and â€Å"geared to the labor conditions prevailing, or to special needs of certain industries.† The other permit is a special work permit (Besondere Arbeitserlaubnis), issued to aliens â€Å"who have had a steady employment record for the preceding five years, or who have been living in Germany legally for the last eight years or more or who are married to a German citizen† (Bhagwati 1984, 279). The majority of the German people thought, and still thinks today, that if there are no foreign workers, there will be considerable less unemployment. This is a tolerable thought but this problem has also to be looked at from a different perspective. The article, â€Å"A Whiff of Xenophobia† states, that â€Å"While the German economic miracle was in full swing, the Gastarbeiter (guest worker) were regarded as a necessary, if not always desirable,Show MoreRelatedThe Reichstag Building844 Words   |  4 PagesReichstag, that â€Å"Germany was a German Republic. â€Å"This statement sparked a revolution, and sent Berlin into a state of turmoil, which lasted a few months, then in 1919 a new constitution was drawn up to mark an era of a new parliamentary democracy.The Nazi Germany period before 1939, the Reichstag had the entry of the NSDAP Brownshirts, later known as the Nazi party; this would mark the end of the Weimar Republic. The Nazi party gradually gained more and more power,Eventually after Adolf Hitler wasRead MoreThe End Of The 20th Century1544 Words   |  7 PagesHistory since the end of the Civil War to the end of the 20th century has changed drastically when you asses America on an economic, social, and political level. The changes between the end of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century are the cause in the way America has been shaped and how American’s think. In fact, industrialization and urbanization, equal rights for all citizens, and two world wars played a major role in the shape of America to our understanding. Although, there are numerousRead MoreThe Reasons behind the Cold War Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold war was a sustained state of military and political tension between powers of two dominating powers from opposite sides of the globe. One from the Western Bloc, or Capitalist Bloc, dominated by the United States (U.S) and the other from the Eastern Block, or Communist Bloc, powered by the Soviet Uni on (U.S.S.R). Obviously both very different, the opposing ideas of the superpowers supported the spread of their respective and economic systems and strengthened their military powers. As a resultRead MoreA Brief Note On The Treaty Of Versailles1584 Words   |  7 PagesAfter having to pay compensation for World War I due to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was in shambles; people were unemployed, humiliated, and divided almost to the point of a civil war. They were in need of a strong leader to bring them together, and Adolf Hitler, with his powerful speaking skills and manipulative speeches, seemed to be the desirable candidate. His speeches and charisma, timing and strategy, and the fact that Germany was in disarray, allowed him to quickly rise through the ranksRead MoreThe atomic bomb was first used by the Americans against Japan to end the war. The Americans500 Words   |  2 PagesThe atomic bomb was first used by the Americans against Japan to end the war. The Americans be lieved that this would end the war as well as giving them a post war diplomatic advantage over the Soviet Union. Instead, the atomic bomb used in World War 2 shifted postwar policies that inadvertently resulted in the Cold War. As Germany fell to the allies, postwar negotiations began. Roosevelt had been clear two fundamentals at Yalta. First, he believed the Nazi state should be eliminated â€Å"as a seriousRead MoreReparations For Slavery During The Civil War1712 Words   |  7 Pagesand regular people for years now. During the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War many freed slaves were promised 40 acres of land, as a form of reparations.(Staff www.The Root.com) However, this became an empty promise and nothing was enforced to help African Americans become socially, economically, or politically leveled with white Americans since. African Americans were enslaved to work for big corporations and never received any form of wages after the abolishment of slavery. Businesses thatRead MoreThe Great Depression : History1409 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Depression Suzette Toliver HIS205 Contemporary World History Belhaven University - Houston Cause The Great Depression has been labeled as the worst economic depression in the United States History. â€Å"On September 3, 1929, the Dow Jones was at a high of 381 points, and on October 29, 1929, it had fallen to 41 points after a week of panic selling.† http://thegreatdepressioncauses.com/causes/. Things started to become unstable as many people were getting rid of their stock. BanksRead MoreThe Rise Of America s Power1540 Words   |  7 Pagessuperpower. Many key moments in history come into play to highlight the rise of America’s power. The Industrial Revolution began the steady rise of America. Through major substantial events, such as: the Spanish-American War, World War I, the Cold War, and the introduction of a New World Order, America made a remarkable surge towards becoming the global superpower that it is today. In the middle of the 19th century, industrialization had spread to the United States. Industrialization led to the growthRead MoreThe Berlin Wall s Impact On Economic, Social And Political Relations Between West And East Europe1371 Words   |  6 Pagesso high was its importance, that only after the Berlin wall was abolished in that the cold war was finally coming to an end and so traumatising was its presence that Berlin has yet to fully recover. In order to come to a conclusion about the impact of the Berlin wall, one must first understand the context of which it came to be. At the end of the second world war, the disintegration of German central authority allowed allied powers to take control of Germany. During the February of 1945, the alliedRead MoreWorld War II: A Just War1031 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Roosevelt then asked congress for a formal declaration of war against the Japanese Empire for their â€Å"unprovoked and dastardly attack†. This declaration would also be the last formal declaration of war by congress. President Roosevelt gave a compelling speech that day, and was able to understand the hurt and betrayal the American people and congress felt. It took only an hour for the congress to convene with a ruling and declared war on the Empire of Japan. However compelling the President’s

Education and Best Teacher Free Essays

First out of town I was 7 years old when my family had a vacation in my mothers province, Zebu. It was in the middle of December when we go there. We celebrate Christmas together with my family and relatives. We will write a custom essay sample on Education and Best Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was very fun, because it’s my first time to meet my relatives there. Also there we celebrate my birthday at the same time New year. I experienced a lot in Zebu, I ride a horse, cow and other animals in my Loll’s farm which is one of the memorable moments in my entire life. I describe Zebu as awesome, not Just the place but also the people out there. B. Stories that you can’t forget (3) . The story of sleeping beauty. It’s the story of a princess who was asleep and the thing that would makes the princess awake is a man who would kiss her. 2. The story of Juan Tama. It’s the story of a man who was very lazy. Instead of picking a fruit he Just wait until it fall. 3. The story of turtle and rabbit. It’s the story of a rabbit who was very confident that he was going to win in the race against the turtle and he Just sleep until he notice that the turtle is in the finish line and won. C. First teacher and first lesson My first teacher was my mother, she teach me different lessons when I was young. She taught me how to write, how to color, how to dance, how to sing, how to make a things with the use of clay and many more. But the important lesson that she taught to me is to how to deal well to others. She says that it is important that you have a respect to your fellow people so that they can respect you in return. D. First day of school Its been a 12 years when I started to go to school, that’s why I don’t even remember what happen to me that time. And I asked my mother who was there for me in my first day of school. I was studying in pre-school in Mahogany Day Care Center. My other says that I don’t cry in my first day of school because of two reasons. First, my mother don’t leave me until the class end and Second, my bestrides who named Karen is my classmates that’s why she says that I was enjoying my days in schools. E. First Award Positive As far as I remember, I got my first award when I was studying in pre-school. There I got a honor which is top and the honor of best in Math. I’m so happy when I got that award that’s why my mother prepared some foods to celebrate my award. Negative My first award that I can say that it’s a negative is when I was in second year high school. Although I receive a top my friend who supposed to be my bestrides is going to transfer in other school. Ill. The most unforgettable events in your life A. Positive/Good 1. One of the unforgettable events in my life was when I was in elementary. I receive an honor when I was in grade one, I got a best in math. It was memorable because I was in front of my fellow students holding the medal and the ribbon. 2. One of the unforgettable events in my life was when we celebrate Christmas and New year in Cavity with my Toto and TIA. I was very happy because it was my first time to celebrate Christmas and New year in other place. It become memorable because we did a lot to had fun. 3. When I was in high school I receive a lot of awards like, best in math, best in chemistry, top, top and top. Im so happy because I did it with my own hardwood. It became memorable because I was in stage in front of all the students when I receive the awards. B. Negative/Bad 1. When I was in third year high school, I was a honor student I receive a top at the end of the year, that’s why I went to top section when I was in 4th year. Although in the others it is a good for me it was bad because my classmates in 3rd year is not the name classmates I have in 4th year. . When I was in 1st year college. Our PEE is dancing, and dancing is not my passion, that’s why in every time we dance IM so very frustrated and at the same time shy. 3. When I was in grade school, I walking in the middle of the hallway and suddenly I was fall. IV. Best Teacher for me Every person have their own definitions of a best teacher. For me, a bes t teacher can set high expectations for all students. Also a best teacher are well prepared and organized, they are in their respective classrooms early and ready to teach. But the cost important is they can form strong relationships with their students and show that they care about them as a person. 1. Mr.. Michael Tortes Bonito He was my most favorite teacher in my whole college life. Its because his characteristics as a professor suits to my own definitions of a best teacher. He was very open to all of his students, he is very approachable and also he is handsome 2. Mr.. Edward Albert Celeste One of the characteristic of him as a professor that I like was his intellectual ability. He is very familiar and ready overtime we have a discussion and at the same time e can explain it very ell. . Ms. Grace Jazzing She my teacher in speech and world literature this semester also in Modern communications back then when I was in 1st year. I like her as a professor because she’s good not only in teaching but also I like it the way she taught us. 4. Ms. Et Rareness I include him to my best teacher because his way of teaching grab my attention. He is very s trict and he wants us to learn until the class end. 5. Mrs.. Susann Gene This teacher is very good in teaching, overtime we have a class she always makes us laugh that’s why our attention focus on her more. V. Worst/Unwanted Teacher For me, the qualities of a bad/worst teacher are he/she is lack of organizational skills. Every teacher has to keep up with so many things on a daily basis that they must be organized to do their Jobs effectively. A teacher can’t be a best teacher if he/she is lack of classroom management. Lastly, he/she must act as a professional in a sense that he/she is not always absent nor late. 1. Mr.. Lovers Haploid To be honest, I don’t like the way he manage the class, its because every time that one of my classmates makes mistake he is always implicating the whole class. 2. Mr.. Ian Verb One of his characteristic that I don’t like is he is not approachable. 3. Mr.. Panic He is my NSP professor, I don’t like him because he don’t discuss any matter that covers the lesson. He is Just checking the the attendance and that’s it. 4. Mr.. Ryan Macaulay He’s approachable but, the way he deal with his class is very unprofessional. 5. Estella Merman She is definitely good at explaining the lesson. But I don’t like the way she discuss, she is Just explaining and she don’t make a recitation for us. VI. Places I have visited Last March 8, 2014, me and my classmates in first year went to Enchanted garden in Angst Vulcan for an educational tour. There’s a lot of people who was saying that I was a beautiful places that’s why IM so excited which makes me prepared my stuffs a night before the tour. We are so happy in the middle of our ride. And when we got to Enchanted Garden, I’m so amaze with the beautiful views of it. I describe it as awesome, not only the places but also the people out there. They are all hospitable to the visitors. The wind is very fresh looks like you are in the province. I promise that its not only the last time that I going to visit it. How to cite Education and Best Teacher, Papers

The Commonwealth Essay Research Paper How did free essay sample

The Commonwealth Essay, Research Paper How did traditional industrial location factors influence The form of industry in the UK? Traditional industrial location factors were, in the words of Karl Marx: Land, Labour, Capital and Raw stuffs, and these greatly influenced industrial location in the UK up until the 70 s: Land, mentioning to the site of an industry, was of import when sing where the mills were located: Traditional heavy industry needed ( by and large ) big sums of level land to suit immense furnaces and big machinery. Once a mill was established, it was really hard for it to travel, as, in heavy industry, industrial inactiveness is really high. Natural stuffs were critical in the location of traditional industry: The coal excavation industry, for illustration, would hold to turn up in a coal-rich country, and the iron/ steel industry in an country where there were huge sedimentations of Fe ore. South Wales was a perfect illustration of an country with both these comfortss, and hence thrived as the premier steel-working part in Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on The Commonwealth Essay Research Paper How did or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Capital was private investing that came from businessm nut and enterprisers, but was non a major influence as to where the mill was located. Labour, mentioning to a work force, was besides indispensable in act uponing an industry s location: Traditional industry was preponderantly heavy industry, which requires a really big work force, so mills were ideally located near to a big labor beginning. Why has this form changed in the last 30 old ages? The form has changed in the last 30 old ages because the type of industry has changed from traditional, heavy industry to modern hi-tec, electronics industry. If Karl Marx were to call the factors of production today, he would likely state: Market, skilled labor, Government intercession and conveyance Land is still of import to a certain degree- the heavy industry that is left in the UK is in the signifier of incorporate mills ( e.g. Port Talbot steel mills ) , which need even more level land than traditional heavy industry to turn up. However, most modern industries are footloose, intending land International Relations and Security Network t a critical factor in their location. Location near markets is an indispensable factor for modern industry to see when placement

Student Athletes Share Their Advice on Reaching Out to Coaches

Being an athlete makes your college application process a little different from others, especially if wish to pursue it in college. The application and recruiting process starts much earlier, and your application priorities might differ too. Take it from college athletes at Duke, Ithaca, Chapman, Florida and Swarthmore that have been through the process before: RuHo Duke University ‘16 I was a huge runner in high school and had pretty decent times. Around sophomore or junior year I decided to reach out to the running coaches at the colleges I was interested in. I introduced myself and asked about the recruiting processes (since I was international it was different compared to runners in the US). I think doing something similar, (reaching out to the professors/coaches/instructors in the areas you are interested in) is a good move and one that can not hurt you. Although I wasnt fast enough to get recruited, the coaches at Stanford and Harvard emailed me and asked if I applied early. Basically, the point is that the more interest you show, the better chances you have of getting in, so dont be afraid to reach out and ask questions! Another benefit of doing so is that in the supplemental questions for certain colleges, many of the questions are why this college? and by emailing the people in these different areas, you learn more about that college and can demonstrate th at youve done your research! adele270 Ithaca College ‘16 I reached out to the coach of the Ithaca College womens rowing team because I really wanted a spot on their varsity team my freshmen year of college. I visited her during my junior year, had frequent correspondences with her, and worked really hard to get my times for 2Ks and 5Ks where they were needed to be a varsity rower. I went to the Park School of Communications multiple times so I could meet with professors and talk to them about what I was interested in and what they had to offer me as a school. It was really helpful because I was able to put a face to my application. I also see one of the professors I spoke to regularly. I also went and spoke to the assistant dean, and we still meet regularly and hes been a wonderful help. arya.jemal Swarthmore College ‘19 As a tennis player, I made sure to email coaches of schools I was interested starting in my junior year of high school and also used a recruiting website. Emailing coaches shows them you are interested and committed and starting early means it is more likely they will check you out as an athlete and applicant. jacobholm123 Chapman University‘20 I swim Division III at Chapman University. If you feel that you may want to participate in one of their intercollegiate athletic sports, then you should definitely email and reach out to their coaches to get your name on their roster! Try to gain any exposure you can by sending them any relevant information about your athletic abilities and your future goals in college athletics! hkopyGeorge Washington University ‘18Being a competitive swimmer and knowing that I wanted to continue to compete in college this was usually the first step I took when looking at schools. I started reaching out to coaches toward the end of my sophomore year of college and signed my national letter of intent in November of my senior year of high school. ostultz University of Florida ‘19 I originally decided to apply for Asbury University in order to play lacrosse at a Division 3 level. I started off by contacting the womens lacrosse coach. For Asbury, in order to be considered to play for a sports team, you have to sign up and create a personal profile online. This is where you put your personal info and videos online.Every school does the recruiting process differently, so my suggestion would be to contact the coach first. During my phone call, the lacrosse coach said that he would come out to see me play several high school varsity games as part of the recruiting process. Most Division 1 (and maybe D2) will watch choose potential players at clinics and club/travel games, but rarely at a high school match. I eventually decided not to play for Asbury Lacrosse because of several factors. Here is what I have learned through this process that will be helpful for anyone thinking about playing intercollegiate sports: 1) It’s A LOT of commitment. Before deciding to play for a team, consider what you are majoring in, and how much time you will need outside of class to do research, service, internships, and work. I wanted to work in the medical field after graduation, so playing a sport would have possibly taken away from time to focus on my studies. 2) Financial aid sometimes may not what it will be cracked up to be. Be aware that depending on what division you play for will dictate how aid you get. Division 1 is the most competitive and demanding, but 99% of the time, student athletes in this division will receive full-rides. 3) Know that you have to try out every year for a spot on the team, and financial aid is not guaranteed for all four years. Every year, athletes must try out against incoming college freshmen for a spot on next year’s team. It’s possible for a college senior to be beat out by a freshman, and lose aid for the last year. 4) Make sure you really want to go to that college. Many people will choose to play for a college that they didnt really want to go to in order to receive a sports scholarship. Make sure you are considering all factors, especially if it’s financially the right choice before choosing a college to play for. 5) Playing intercollegiate sports does have its perks! You may get most of your college paid for, and even have an opportunity to coach after graduation. Choosing where to go to college is an incredibly important decision. Make an informed choice by talking to current students on ourmentorship platform. Access 60,000+ successfulcollege application filesuploaded by college students (they get paid when you view them). is a community of students helping students. Our goal is to bring much-needed transparency to higher education.

Sophie Tucker Biography

Sophie Tucker Biography Dates:  January 13, 1884 -  February 9, 1966 Occupation:  vaudeville entertainerAlso known as:  Last of the Red Hot Mamas Sophie Tucker was born while her mother was emigrating from the Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire,  to America to join her husband, also a Russian Jew. Her birth name was Sophia Kalish, but the family soon took the last name Abuza and moved to Connecticut, where Sophie grew up working in her familys restaurant. She discovered that singing at the restaurant brought in tips from customers. Playing piano to accompany her sister at amateur shows, Sophie Tucker quickly became an audience favorite; they called for the fat girl. At age 13, she already weighed 145 pounds. She married Louis Tuck, a beer driver, in 1903, and they had a son, Albert, called Bert. She left Tuck in 1906, and left her son Bert with her parents, going to New York alone. Her sister Annie raised Albert. She changed her name to Tucker, and began singing at amateur shows to support herself.   Her divorce from Tuck was completed in 1913. Sophie Tucker was required to wear blackface by managers who felt that she would not otherwise be accepted, since she was so big and ugly as one manager put it. She joined a burlesque show in 1908, and, when she found herself without her makeup or any of her luggage one night, she went on without her blackface, was a hit with the audience, and never wore the blackface again. Sophie Tucker briefly appeared with the Ziegfield Follies, but her popularity with audiences made her unpopular with the female stars, who refused to go on stage with her. Sophie Tuckers stage image emphasized her fat girl image but also a humorous suggestiveness. She sang songs like I Dont Want to Be Thin, Nobody Loves a Fat Girl, But Oh How a Fat Girl Can Love. She introduced in 1911 the song which would become her trademark: Some of These Days. She added Jack Yellens My Yiddishe Momme to her standard repertoire about 1925 the song was later banned in Germany under Hitler. Sophie Tucker added jazz and sentimental ballads to her ragtime repertoire, and, in the 1930s, when she could see that American vaudeville was dying, she took to playing England. George V attended one of her musical performances in London. She made eight movies and appeared on radio and, as it became popular, appeared on television.   Her first movie was  Honky Tonk  in 1929. She had her own radio show in 1938 and 1939, broadcasting for CBS three times a week for 15 minutes each. On television, she was a regular on variety shows and talk shows including  The Tonight Show  and  The Ed Sullivan Show.   Sophie Tucker became involved in union organizing with the American Federation of Actors, and was elected president of the organization in 1938. The AFA was eventually absorbed into its rival Actors Equita as the American Guild of Variety Artists. With her financial success, she was able to be generous to others, starting the Sophie Tucker foundation in 1945 and endowing in 1955 a theater arts chair at Brandeis University. She married twice more: Frank Westphal, her pianist, in 1914, divorced in 1919, and Al Lackey, her fan-turned-personal-manager, in 1928, divorced in 1933.   Neither marriage produced children. She later credited her reliance on financial independence for the failure of her marriages. Her fame and popularity lasted more than fifty years; Sophie Tucker never retired, playing the Latin Quarter in New York only months before she died in 1966 of a lung ailment accompanied by kidney failure. Always partly self-parody, the core of her act remained vaudeville: earthy, suggestive songs, whether jazzy or sentimental, taking advantage of her enormous voice.   She is credited as an influence on such later women entertainers as Mae West, Carol Channing, Joan Rivers and Roseanne Barr.   Bette Midler more explicitly credited her, using Soph as the name of one of her on-stage personas, and naming her daughter Sophie. Sophie Tucker on this site Sophie Tucker Quotations

UK wind power Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UK wind power - Research Paper Example In UK, wind power has been applied as means to overcome the problem of the power shortage. A lot of efforts have been applied in an attempt to make this project successful. Wind power is one of the most efficient sources of power. When the wind turns the wind turbines, the kinetic energy from the wind is converted into mechanical energy. In this form, energy is then used in driving the generator which eventually converts mechanical energy into electricity. The electricity generated is then transmitted to the consumers through cables. UK leads in the European countries in terms of usable wind power. The country has given adequate attention to wind power due to its realization of importance of the wind power in the current world. UK aims at becoming the major supplier of energy in the world by the year 2020. Power is the basic component in the United Kingdom economy which plays a major in economic development. It also plays an important role in increasing the standard of living in the country. There is, therefore, an increased need for a reliable source of electricity supply. Over the past, the country has been relying on coal and gas as a source of energy. However, these sources are non renewable and, therefore, cannot be reliable. This posed a big danger to the country bearing in the mind the current high level of demand for the power in the country.

Political socialisation (models and theories) Essay

Political socialisation (models and theories) - Essay Example The hypotheses include moral development, life course, and gender and moral development (Glasberg, & Shannon, 2011). The theory of moral development that was developed by Kohlberg argues that individuals acquire various political ideologies based on three stages of reasoning (Glasberg, & Shannon, 2011). The theory argues that the first stage of reasoning is the pre-conventional phase. In this stage, children appreciate the things that give them pleasure while they dislike those that give rise to pain. This means that at this stage, individuals acquire the behaviours and beliefs that give rise to happiness. For example, children support the ideas of leaders who provide them with resources such as books in school. The next stage is the conventional phase that takes place during teenage years (Glasberg, & Shannon, 2011). According to the theory, children appreciate the beliefs and ideas that are in accordance with the beliefs of their culture. In the last stage, which is the post-conventional stage, individuals begin to embrace the attitudes and behaviors that are ethically upright. The life course theory that was developed by Erikson argues that individuals experience various challenges in eight phases during their life time. The eight stages of life course include infancy, adolescence, pre-school, old age, pre-adolescence, toddlerhood, middle, and young adulthood (Glasberg, & Shannon, 2011). Erikson argues that in the first stage of infancy, children learn to differentiate trust from mistrust; while in the last stage of old age individuals face the challenges of hopelessness and honesty. Therefore, Erikson postulates that individuals acquire the ideologies and beliefs that are shaped by the challenges that they face. For example, during infancy when the main challenges are trust and mistrust, children may hold onto the beliefs of their parents because they trust them. Children trust their parents more than other people at this

Should private schools be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should private schools be banned - Essay Example It therefore seems so from these arguments that in today’s world, education has been used to perpetrate inequality and division of social classes based on economic status because of the existence of higher education meant for the rich and wealthy in the society. Those calling for the closure of private schools believe in the fact that the current education systems institutionalises inequality and unfair treatment of education seekers just because they can’t afford the high cost of private institutions. It is interesting to note that out of the total number of school going children about 90% attend public schools while 10% attend private schools (Caldwell, 2008). Those who attend public schools have the potential of better performance as compared to their public counterparts contributing a larger percentage of students who qualify for university education in leading universities such as Cambridge and oxford. This is the highest degree of inequality as it implies that tho se who will eventually qualify for top positions in industry are those who hail from wealthy families who parents were able to sponsor their education on very expensive private institutions. In addition to this fact, the current society is typical of what can be termed as cultural capitalism and social shutting where the wealthy and privileged give their children gigantic advantages whereas the poor ones struggle in poorly managed and funded systems where only the lucky ones strive for excellence. The survival is typically of the law of the jungle where the fit survive and the weak succumb to academic death. It is vital to stress the need for all to give every child... Thi essay approves that it is in the view of this discussion that private schools tends to widen the gap between the haves and the not haves. This is because private schools exist and continues to provide better education than public schools owing to the fact those who educate children in the schools pay huge amounts of money as fees. This may not be possible for middle and low income earners as a result natural selection occurs where rich families get the opportunity to educate their young ones in private schools while the poor do not. In addition, such schools would present conditions for better performance against the state owned schools owing to their ability to employ and motivate qualified teachers, provide basic facilities and sizable classes. This report makes a conclusion that if all private schools were banned, it would give the rich an incentive to fund state owned ones since their children will to be attending alongside children from poor backgrounds. This will be a fairer way to deal with the rising difference between the rich and the poor. On the contrary, some argue that private schools offers impeccable education which may not be possible to access in state owned schools where there is limited access to resources, support persons and facilities. This is a fact that is discredited by failure by the government to fund state owned schools to the level of private schools. Therefore, it is justifiable to say that private schools should be banned. This is because private school is a major impediment to equity and valuable education for all.

Role of the Judiciary in Democracy

Role of the Judiciary in Democracy In a liberal democratic state, the judiciary has four main responsibilities including formulating the rule of law through the interpretation and application of law to respond with a verdict, settling disputes, checking legality and being a player in state politics. To accomplish these four duties, the basic principles of a liberal democratic state must be upheld along with the principles of a legal democracy and state. The judiciary also has to interpret and apply the law along with the constitution, and to provide impartial adjudications of disputes between the state and individuals, between individuals, and between different levels of government within the state. The reliance on the courts and on judicial means for addressing core moral dilemmas, political controversies and public policy questions is arguably one of the most consequential phenomena of the late twentieth and early twentieth century government. Equipped with newly attained judicial review, national high courts worldwide have been frequently asked to resolve a range of issues, varying from the scope of expression and religious liberties, reproductive and privacy freedoms, equality rights, to public policies pertaining to criminal justice, education, labour, and environmental protection. The increasing political importance of courts has not only become more globally widespread than ever before but it has also extended its scope to become a manifold, multifaceted phenomenon that distends well beyond the now standard concept of judge made policy-making. The basic law of the Irish State is the Constitution of Ireland adopted by referendum in 1937 replacing the Constitution of the Irish Free State (1922). The Constitution is the canopy under which justice is administered and legal rights enforced in courts established by law. The Constitution delineates a separation of powers among the organs of State, executive, legislative and judicial. It guarantees the judicial protection of fundamental rights and also due process in the administrative and judicial spheres. It may be invoked by individuals to challenge the constitutionality of laws passed by the Oireachtas and to seek redress for breach of constitutional rights. Subject to the Constitution the legal system is based on the common law tradition. (1) The judiciaries role in the community is manifested not only in what judges do but also in the way that they do it. This is called the judicial style. There is an evident difference between the style of judges in civil law jurisdictions and the style of judges in common law traditions. In recent times there has been an insistence upon satisfactory accountability of all the institutions within the government, which needs to be reconciled with the principles of independence, has to be addressed and accepted. A lot of the publics money is invested in courts, and the people are entitled to expect that the work of individual judges is done efficiently, as well as fairly, deliver their judgements in a relatively prompt manner and will manage cases with due regard to consideration of economy. To achieve the characteristics of a judiciary, developed democracies have relied on the culture of the judiciary. When judges enter office they swear to uphold the rights of all citizens and the constitution, self integrity, peer pressure, and public scrutiny combine to make judges, at least at the highest level, to abide by their oath. By setting these standards for promotion, they can help harbour the same behaviour in their future peers and at lower levels. The duty of fairness and the principles of natural justice have been established by the courts through judicial review focus on the vital issue whether, in all circumstances, the procedure followed in a particular case was fair. The transparency and open process of decision-making that have been structured through judicial review are one of the safeguards in achieving an acceptable equilibrium between the countrys need for security and the rights and freedoms of its citizens. A multi-dimensional approach is needed to successful ly deal with this challenge. Judges will continue to rely upon the insights and wisdom of the legal community. The input from a variety of disciplines is however also essential. Community and government workers, academics, social scientists and policy makers can assist the judiciary in attaining more complete perspective. There is a need to strive for the intricate and complex balance which will foster the growth and development of rational and sound principles under the new legislation. Legislature also has to recognize that it cannot exert influence over the workings of the court and selection of its personnel since it is a party to many disputes between citizens and their representatives that the judiciary has to resolve. Legislature, for example, has to acknowledge that its purpose is to represent citizens and operate within the structures based on rules defined by the constitution. Representation does not mean unchallenged power. The judiciary protects the citizens should their duly elected representatives in the legislature choose to undertake such actions that violate constitutional rights of anyone in the society. The involvement of other branches of government in workings of the court should be as limited as is possible. In instances where any rule is deemed unsuitable constitution also delineates the process of amending the constitution. The judiciaries role in formulating or applying policy is a subject that has associations extending well beyond judicial review of administrative decisions. When policy formation is thought of as being part of the judicial function it is important that it is comprehensible as to what is being said to be going on, and how the judicial method is related to it, the judicial role and the judicial capacity. While there is a development in common law, as a response to changing needs as well as appropriate pressure for rationalisation, there is an accountability for such development by judges to follow the wisdom of laws in the constitution and proposed change. They accomplish this within the propensities of their own discipline. Another matter worth weighing might be the changing attitude of the legal profession, and others, towards the use of litigation as a technique for achieving political and social objectives. We have long been accustomed to the use of litigation as a weapon in corporate and commercial rivalry, but we are seeing an upsurge in what might be described as the politically and socially aggressive use of litigation. This has also resulted in a change in the character of the work coming before some courts, and has a significant effect on the way in which courts appear to the public to behave. (2) As a democratic society, we have witnessed momentous changes in the relationship between individuals and the state. The judiciary possesses the knowledge and experience to make tremendous contributions to the maintenance and continuing evolution of our democratic society. The role of the courts as resolver of disputes, interpreter of the law and defender of the Constitution, requires that they be completely separate in authority and function from all other participants in the justice system. Bibliography Ejn.net Jca.asn.au/attachments/Gleeson.html

Essay --

Aluminum vs Composites in Aircraft Construction Since the Wright Flyer first took off from Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903, aircraft designers have been searching for ever better materials to build aircraft with. Over the years, we have seen construction materials progress from simple wood frames covered with fabric to advanced structures built entirely out of metal. As aircraft designs became more advanced, the need arose for materials which offered both higher strength and lighter weight. Since the beginning of World War II, aircraft construction consisted mainly of structures built from aluminum. Beginning in the 1960’s, NASA and the United States military began experimenting with the use of composite materials in aircraft. This revolutionary material seemed to be the answer the aviation world was looking for. It promised both gains in strength and weight reduction. However, with more and more composites being added to aircraft over the years, problems arose which ultimately may negate the overall benefits of the co mposites. The first problem with the use of composites begin...

Making Work Better Essay

This was done by showing the different bubblers that the white people|leaves the audience in no doubt at all that racism is evil. This is most evident in the | |Use the film terms that you have been taught in |and the Negro people had to use. The white bubbler was a refrigerated one and the |establishing sequence. This sequence began with a medium shot focussing on two water fountains. | |class- this will be good for C3 –aesthetics |Negro bubbler was a broken non-refrigerated one. This represents the racism that |The signage of white and colored, with the white sign being higher than the coloured was subtle | |The selection of items should be based on the |is present in Mississippi straight away and symbolises that the whites are the |representation of the hierarchy within the South. There is quite an extended amount of time on this| |best information to prove your point. You also |preferred race. This is followed on by a car of cops chasing the care of activists |shot, signifying its importance. The lighting shrouds the white drinker in darkness, again quite | |need to select evidence that will not impede the|and pulling them over. This results in the death of the three activists. This is |subtly positioning the audience to reject the values that privilege white people over Negro people. | |fluency of your writing. |authentic representation as the shooting of the three students actually happened. The fact that the light shines over the evidently substandard ‘colored’ fountain perhaps suggests | |Stick to formal register – police over cops for |The cops go on to joke about ‘killing’ a nigga’ and this represents the hatred and |that the director wants to ‘shine a light’ on the racism within Mississippi. When this is combined | |example – unless of course you are quoting |brutality that is shown towards the Negros. The attitude of the cops is juxtaposed|with the next sequence which shows the suspenseful chase scene shrouded in arkness from the | |dialogue |with the attitude of the activists by showing the cops in a bad light by using |perspective of the civil rights activists brutally murdered by Southerners, the perspective of the | |Try not to retell the story – I know it. |close ups and darkness when showing them whereas the activists have an innocence |director is blindingly obvious- racism is clearly evil. |Bold in your homework all C3 words as a way of |and a victimised representation to position the audience to sympathise for them, |Knowing the facts of what happened and then seeing it in a brutal recreation is gut wrenching in its| |giving yourself a quick visual check that you |and support the Negroes. The Ku Klux Klan is also a representation of racism in |ugliness. This evocative response is guaranteed when the naivete of the civil rights workers whom | |have covered all of them enough. |Mississippi. Symbolism and motifs are used to show where the Klan has been |the audience get to see are juxtaposed against the malevolent people chasing them (whom we don’t see| |Try to make sure your topic sentence and |present. These are by reoccurring music, burning cross, and white hoods. These |until the murder takes place). The close ups makes both the fear of the activists and the hatred of| |clincher sentence mirror each other without |things are authentic and support what actually happened in real life. Racism is |their pursuers very real to the audience. When the audience realises that it is the police not only| |directly repeating yourself. |represented effectively throughout the opening scenes in Mississippi Burning. |perpetrating the crime, but laughing about â€Å"killin’ a nigger’ (Parker, 1989) – it is clear that | |Your perspective on the film should be very | |these racist values are abhorrent! These opening scenes establish the director’s perspective | |clear by the strong assertive judgement words | |clearly. Later in the film this is further represented by the excessive violence of the Ku Klux Klan| |used. Highlighted in yellow. | |(KKK). Commonly known motifs such as the white hoods and the burning cross make it clear this is a | |Adding in all of the important info means my | |film based upon a recognisable and authentically represented time in history which makes seeing the | |paragraph was too big, but you can see a natural| |visuals more powerful. These clever film and narrative techniques create a representation of racism| |break with sentences that can act as topic | |that one can’t help but despise. | |sentences and clincher sentences. DO NOT do | | | |monster paragraphs!! | | |

Counselling Theories Essay

1.Explain the concept of nature versus nurture, using yourself as a case study to illustrate the theory. The concept of nature versus nurture is that human behaviour is influenced by genetic information inherited from our parents and also by environmental and social influences. My appearance such as short sightedness and pigmentation (freckles) I inherited from my parents. This means like my father I must wear glasses to drive and many other aspects of my daily life. Being a woman this heightens my social awareness as how others perceive me. Society dictates ‘the body beautiful’. Magazines, Bill-boards, TV and newspapers constantly suggest the need to have a perfect complexion. This influences how I perceive myself and makes me feel I must wear makeup to cover up such blemishes to appear more acceptable and feel good about myself. Thus this influences my behaviour in everyday life as I feel my appearance determines my acceptance by others. 2.Identify one strength and one weakness of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. One strength of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is the ability to explain addiction to smoking, drinking and narcotics. Children see their family and friends behaviour as socially acceptable and so exhibit these behaviours with little question. This often leads to entrenched social behaviour. This suggests that our early experiences can affect our perspective later in adulthood. One weakness of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that if someone’s behaviour is solely determined by their genes then to what extent are people in control of their lives. For instance people suffering from ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) have the same set of genes but depending on their family, social or cultural upbringing may respond differently to the same situation. 3.Describe Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego. Explain how the ego,  id and superego interact. Use an example from your own experience. Id: Describes the biological or instinctive response. This is our original personality we are born with and controls responses in the early stage of life. Ego: In this second developmental stage, compromises in instinctive responses to environmental circumstances begin to develop. The ego mediates with the id by considering the rules of the real world and the consequences of actions taken in that world. Superego: This is that part of our psyche that determines how we think we should react in a given situation. This is the development of morals, what is right and what is wrong. It is a further development of control over the id response. An example from my own experience is say when I see a piece of cake on display. My id tells me I want to eat the piece of cake, my ego says are you really that hungry. My superego rationalises the situation and asks if I eat the cake unnecessarily, a possible consequence is I will put on weight and so is this the right thing to do? 4.Identify one strength and one weakness of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. One advantage of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it gives a good overall description of development of the human psyche. It recognises the development of personality and physical development stages. It demonstrates the interplay or lack of; between these different aspects of the psychological process and how different outcomes can occur as a consequence of this balance. One weakness of Sigmund Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that not each may be equally well developed. This mix of psyche occurs at different rates for each individual. This can lead to social consequences where individuals will be treated differently causing a hindrance in the future development of the ego and superego. 5. Describe Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and provide an example from your own experience to illustrate the theory. Sensorimotor (Birth 18 months): During this period the baby begins to  recognise the world around them and so develops refined eye movement, depth vision, and later as they begin to explore further learn to crawl and then walk. They start to use simple language ‘mum’, ‘dad’ and other single word responses.   Preoperational (18 months to 6 years): Here the child increases their vocabulary and recognise some simple symbols and how to deal with certain basic situations. They can understand those near to them and begin to categorise the world around them. ï€ ªConcrete operational (6 to 12 years): At this point language skills increase but are still tied to the real world. The ability to reason increases in seeking to understand the world around them. Formal operational (12 years and over): About this point the child begins to explore abstract or hypothetical situations. There is an attempt to organise thoughts and situations into a logical ordering. From my own experience while I cannot remember the first two stages but I have seen them in my children’s growing up. At the age of 12 my daughter started to explore cooking for herself at first making cakes and more complicated meals. She started to ask such questions regarding instructions on packet mixes before progressing to more complicated cooking such as a bacon, tomato and onion omelette. More recently she has started to explore more complex issues and why people do what they do. 6.Identify one strength and one weakness of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development demonstrate an important connection between physical development and personality stages. A criticism levelled at Piaget however was that he used his own children and others from a well educated and high socio-economic background. This selection is thus not fully representative of all society. Further children from different environment and cultural backgrounds may mature differently. Thus the age classification of the different stages may be much wider with some children developing at an earlier age and some later. 7.List Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages of development. Which stage do you see yourself in and why? (1)Oral sensory (0 – 1 year) (2)Muscular anal (2 – 3 years) (3)Locomotor-genital (3 – 5 years) (4)Latency (6 years – puberty) (5)Adolescence (12 – 18 years) (6)Early adulthood (18 – 35 years) (7)Middle adulthood (35– 60 years) (8)Mature adult (60+ years) I’m at stage 7 according to Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development. I am 40 years old, I have a family, a career and have organized as much as is possible my future life which now includes further education. 8.Identify one strength and one weakness of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. A strength of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it places greater stress in the nature versus nurture debate for the need for both concepts. Further this description is placed across an entire lifespan of a human being. A criticism, however, is that this theory describes the developmental process rather than explaining it.

The Underground Dance Movement Essays - Street Dance, Hip Hop Dance

The Underground Dance Movement Essays - Street Dance, Hip Hop Dance The Underground Dance Movement In almost every culture throughout history, there has been dance. Prayer dances, celebratory dances, social dances. In many cases, we can see the cultural progression through the progression of dance. In the United States alone, weve seen the transitions from the European-grown ballet to tap, then to modern dance. What is not so well catalogued, however, is the underground progressive dance movement. Starting in the late sixties, the so-called Underground or counter-culture has built its own species of dance. Our subject today is the three most dominant styles of this new wave, popping, or the Electric Boogie, hip hop/break dancing, also known as old school dance, and the trance/house or new school dance. The television show Soul Train was really one of the keys to the spread of these radical new styles. It was especially instrumental in spreading the Electric Boogaloo, or Boogie. The Electric Boogie developed in the mid-sixties by a family of black men living in Fresno, California, through influences like James Brown and strangely enough, TV shows like Lost In Space. It was a mutant child of sorts, of what is called The Robot dance, Popping, and Miming. The Robot is a dance that our generation has grown up recognizing, the angled body parts, sliding feet, and rigid motions all creating the illusion of a human robot. Popping, however is an unfamiliar term to many of you. Popping can be described as energy passed through the body, popping and snapping elbows, wrists, necks, hips and just about all the body joints along the way. The final ingredient to the mix, however, to control and smooth out the stop-and-go of a popping robot, was the influence of mime. The miming is what gives the Electric Boogie its voice, by making it possible to tell stories and create illusions with the body. This new dance was the forerunner to break dancing, and indeed many of the so- called power moves in break dancing incorporate some . . . electrical features. Break dancing was also influenced by the great James Brown. The original model for breaking was called Good Foot from Browns record of the same name, and based on his unique dancing style. At that point, it was just foot work, rather than the full body moves we see today. Good Foot was the first freestyle dance that incorporated moves involving drops and spins. Breaking today consists of extended footwork, spinning/power moves, and strategically spaced freezes. There is controversy between b-boys and b-girls (the b coming from the word break) over emphasis; some put emphasis on power moves and their combination and the others show their style and individuality by footwork and freeze. It is also called hip hop dancing because in the 1980s, when movies like BeatStreet and Breaking became popular and when the style was really developing, the preferred music used to dance was hip hop for its revolutionary experimentation with beat mixing. It is called break dancing or breaking because th e dancers move to the breaking part of the beat. The traditional four-count measure was broken down into about four different coinciding rhythms, giving the dancers more options for improvisation. However, dancing to break-beats is not limited to break dancing, but is utilized throughout progressive dance. The Electric Boogie uses it, as does the most common style of dance, trance/house dance. House and Trance are two of the most popular genres of techno; these two are more closely related to each other than any of the other genres, jungle, speed garage, or hardcore, and the dancing styles are closely related as well. It has been noted by Ejoe Wilson, a reknowned house dancer, that while in hip hop, you control your body to the beat, in house dance, music controls your body. It is more free style than hip hop and its emphasis on footwork. House clubs are unique of clubs because of the vibe that they carry. One of the most important aspects of house dancing is the style. Style is everything when it comes to house dancing, because there are no set moves to master, no steps to learn. It is club dancing, which is to say, anything that makes you feel good, that gets

Greatest potential for impact by 2030 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greatest potential for impact by 2030 - Essay Example This seems to conflict with the general idea that water is abundant and natural. After all, it falls from the skies, fills lakes, floods rivers, and runs in underground currents. However, accessing all of these sources of water and, more importantly, treating it is a difficult process, even in developed countries like the United States. Standing at the core of civilization, the use of water can be either an aid or a curse for developing countries. As water becomes scarcer, as it is projected to be, with the projected coming of global climate change and a larger population, water treatment will have to respond to the needs of a human population growing beyond its means. Of the coming environmental challenges facing the world, perhaps a water shortage is the most extreme. The possibility of a worldwide water shortage is inextricably linked to other global catastrophes and the economic effects of those natural events. Stress on water supplies is already occurring, between household uses in growing populations worldwide, rapid urbanization, and expansion of business activities in developing countries. All of these factors contribute to a lessening of supply of water, as the demand continues to increase (Shiklomanov). In fact, the demand for water in developing countries increased linearly from 30 percent in 1970 to 80% in 2000 (Chartres and Varma). Growth in Middle East populations is particularly concerning, given the natural lack of water in desert regions. This has led some experts to say, â€Å"The next war in the Middle East will be fought over water, not politics† (Nicol). Of the 3 percent of water on Earth that is fresh (that is, not saline), 70 percent of it is tied up into icecaps and glaciers that gravitate toward the North and South Poles, and therefore remains inaccessible for most humans (USGS). The remaining 30 percent of that fresh water is the water that is accessible, either through a process of merely collecting or welling. A majority of th e water collected, nearly 70 percent is used for agricultural uses (Shiklomanov). In order to produce food for a growing population, water is necessary. A significant amount of the runoff from agricultural is unusable, due to increases in the use of herbicides, pesticides, and other toxins. Tying up water into these resources is a delicate balance between supplying one necessary resource and supplying another, which lends credibility to the thought that humans are outgrowing the earth’s carrying capacity. An additional 22 percent of water sources worldwide are devoted to industrial uses, which again creates an unusable runoff (Shiklomanov). A common use of water, however, is in hydroelectric power plants that help provide electricity to both developed and developing countries. A widely touted solution to water scarcity, or coming water crises, is an extensive infrastructure for sewage treatment that removes contaminants from water sources. Although investment in sewage treatm ent facilities is either low or nonexistent in developing countries, it is a viable tool for reusing water continuously for the same purpose (Frederiksen). In an agricultural area, for instance, water can be collected in irrigation channels, moved from the farming area into a treatment plant, then pumped into the water supplies of the farmers. Such a system has been successful so far in Singapore, which has invested considerable amounts of resources into creating sustainable water systems (Tortajada). Ultimately, sewage

Marketing Design Innovation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Design Innovation - Assignment Example ke to the customers can be ascertained as that it provided a refreshing experience to the customers with greater taste along with refreshment (The Coca-Cola Company, 2010). Likewise, Diet Coke is totally free from sugar, which only includes 1 kilocalorie (kcal) for a diet coke of 250 millilitres (ml) consumed by the customers. It has been viewed that the needs of the customers have been frequently changing due to which Coca-Cola has taken the initiative of focusing on products such as Diet Coke and other light products that provide innovative packaging to the customers. Moreover, in order to address the changing requirements of the customers, the company has offered variation in its choices of products to customers that would match their preferences and lifestyle (The Coca-Cola Company, 2012). Diet Coke provides a huge value to the customers as the product has created the awareness of the customers regarding the maintenance of a healthy diet. Diet Coke has been developed in an innovative way and it has been the product that has responded to the trendy requirements of the customers (Bates, 2011). The company i.e. Coca-Cola has understood that through offering the product of Diet Coke, long-term growth can be achieved as it caters the emotional requirements of the customers. Diet Coke has been the product, which has crafted the message of bringing in an evolution within the customers experience that is totally driven towards their preferences and desires. It has been apparent that needs of the customers have been continuously changing and the company has adopted a perfect strategy by introducing Diet Coke in the market as the product tends to address the changing requirements of the customers (Bates, 2011). In the present day context, people have become more conscious about their health maintenance and Diet Coke has been the perfect product, which has been developed considering the aspect of health maintenance for customers. This particular factor has helped in

Analysis of Irony and Coincidence in Suzhou River Essay

Analysis of Irony and Coincidence in Suzhou River - Essay Example Lou Ye departs drastically from other contemporaries of Beijing Film Academy, takes an abrupt swing from the downbeat realism that characterizes their works, and embarks on a mystical treatment of the theme. He employs irony and elements of coincidence in portraying the theme of love in a complex and obscure manner that makes the movie a mysterious enigma for the audience. The movie deals with the romance between Mardar and Moudan, as narrated by an unnamed videographer. Mardar, a motorcycle courier runs the errand of riding Moudan from her father’s residence to a relative’s place whenever the father wants to engage in his assignations. The girlish Moudan, young an adventurous, asks him to â€Å"drive like Schwarzenegger.† (Ye, Lou). The couple falls in love but tragedy strikes in their lives in the form of Mardar’s betrayal of her. Mardar is associated with the criminal underworld and is forced to kidnap Moudan on the instructions of the gang he belongs to, in order to extract money from her father. Moudan learns about Mardar’s deceit, and heartbroken, she jumps into Suzhou River and disappears. Mardar is arrested for complicity in the incident and sentenced to imprisonment. When he returns he meets Meimei, a look-alike of Moudan, who works as a night club performer, dressed up as a mermaid. Mardar believes she is M oudan, and wants to seduce her. The videographer who is obsessed with Moudan tries to drive Mardar out of town. Tragedy strikes again when the couple gets consumed the metaphorical river. The mystic play of love and obsession between Mardar and Moudan, and the videographer and Meimei, between Meimei and Mardar, further underline the complexity of love, makes it impossible for the viewer to exactly know whether Meimei is actually Moudan’s reincarnation or just Mardar’s illusion or whether Moudan’s story is real or just a fictitious one. Lou Ye uses irony to good effect in alluding to the complexity of

Distorted picture Essay Example for Free

Distorted picture Essay Some people regard science as the supreme form of knowledge, because science provides facts. People tend to see science as true, justified, reliable, precise and objective. However there is a significant difference between natural and social sciences. Natural sciences use the basic scientific method to find the facts about the world we live in, the natural events and processes that take place in our world. The basic scientific method or nai ve inductivism follows five stages which include observation, information, generalization, theory and explanation and prediction. However though the basic scientific method seems perfectly reliable, there may be some problems which could challenge science as the supreme form of knowledge. Social sciences study human behaviour, relationships and society. These are very subjective and very difficult to measure. The results can be distorted by the scientists because completely objective observation is even more difficult in natural sciences because seeing what you want to see gives a distorted picture. The famous philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) who was a very radical empiricist and sceptic was concerned with limits to knowledge. According to his theories science cannot give us accurate knowledge and thus should not have such a high status. The problems of natural sciences, basic scientific method and Humes theory of causation that challenges science as the supreme form of knowledge is going to be discussed further in this essay. The social sciences study human behaviour and their relationships. There are several fields of social sciences including anthropology, political science, psychology, sociology and economics. However it is important to note that human behaviour is so inconsistent and influenced by so many variables that it is impossible to measure it precisely. The problem lies also in the social scientists themselves because they are humans as well as the subjects of their attention. It is virtually impossible for them to give a completely objective observation. Firstly they are studying things that cant be measured in human behaviour such as concentration or motivation. Secondly there is the problem that if the subject of their study knows he or she is being watched, he or she can consciously or unconsciously behave in a different way than they would otherwise. Also if the person hears the prediction of the results of the experiments, they might deliberately behave in such a way either to fulfil it or not. That means that social scientists prediction can influence human behaviour. Simply being seen by the unhidden scientist distorts what is seen. Another problem of social scientists is that they see what they want to see. They cannot separate their wishes, what they want to see, from what they see in the reality. Therefore social sciences are very imprecise and unreliable. The natural sciences use the basic scientific method which contains five stages that help the scientists to come to a conclusion. Firstly, they observe through their senses a particular set of events, they record the observation that they have made and after that they make certain generalisations which form a theory. The theory helps to form prediction for the future. Natural sciences are regarded as much more reliable than social sciences because their theories can be tested more easily and the tests can be repeated several times under identical conditions. It is not so easy for the natural scientists to distort the results as for the social scientists. However, there are certain problems with this method that make it seem unreliable too. Firstly, it has to be mentioned that observation comes through our senses. Unfortunately, our senses can be quite easily deceived. It is impossible to make our senses completely objective. We often see what we believe we should see or what we want to see or our hearing can be again influenced by our belief or a wish. This means that we cannot trust our senses completely. Secondly, science as an activity that is supposed to be detached from emotional content, however the scientists doing the experiments and the observations are humans an they cannot detach from their nature. Simply they can observe things that they want to observe because of many reasons such as political, financial, practical and also personal motives. And thirdly there is the problem of the observational statement which means that the scientists have to put their observations into words, which can influence the effect that the observation makes on people. Then there is the problem of the way we treat and use our knowledge. The process of inductive reasoning that we use in our everyday life follows this pattern: the experience or the observation comes first and based on it a prediction for the future or a general statement is made. There is a big strength about this way of reasoning. Firstly, science is based on this kind of reasoning and most of the people regard science as the supreme form of knowledge. Secondly it is quite obvious that the human race couldnt function without inductive reasoning because most or even all of our thinking processes follow the rules of inductive reasoning. If inductive reasoning was wrong, then human beings couldnt be classed as rational beings. However, there are weaknesses in this inductive reasoning that really raise doubts about human beings as rational beings. It is important to see that there is no necessary connection between the past and the future and also that the observation made could have been mistaken. The unconnected past and future can be very well expressed in Bertrand Russellstory about an inductivist turkey1. This story explains that we cannot make predictions or statements based on our past experience and observations because they are absolutely independent from what will happen in the future. This flaw of inductive reasoning seriously challenges the knowledge obtained through science because science is based on past observations. But if inductive reasoning is really wrong then science is based on very uncertain grounds. The philosopher David Hume created a theory which challenged the idea of causation. Causation means one event causing another, But can we really say that one event caused another? Usually when we see event A and then event B which followed event A, we tend to say that event B was caused by event A. But actually we observed just event A followed by event B, we didnt observe the cause the link between A and B. So to say that event B happened because of event A is not the same as to say that event A happened and then event B happened. We never experience the cause. An example can be day followed by night. In the past, the day was always followed by night and yet the day is not the cause of night. Day and night are both caused by something else (rotation of the earth on its axis as it goes around the Sun). So the connection between these two things can be invariant without either of them being the cause of the other. If this all is right, then science is again put into a very strange position and it seems to be based on very uncertain foundations and we can never talk about anything with absolute certainty. According to Hume, just the reason that we believe that the sun will rise every morning is based on our past experience and though it may be true that the sun has risen every morning of our lives, this is not enough evidence to guarantee the truth of the thesis that the sun will always rise. In social sciences the major problem is the inconsistency of human behaviour. If people regard social sciences as the supreme form of knowledge, they misunderstand the way social sciences work. It is impossible to rely completely on social sciences because there are too many variables that can influence the results. However if people regard natural sciences as the supreme form of knowledge, they misunderstand knowledge very much because there are so many problems and mistakes in human reasoning and the way they process information and deduce conclusions from information that was processed in a wrong way or was inadequate to support the conclusion. This theory can be very much supported by the theory of David Hume, a famous philosopher, who challenged science very much by his laws of causation. 1The turkey found that, on his first morning at the turkey farm, that he was fed at 9 a. m. Being a good inductivist turkey he did not jump to conclusions. He waited until he collected a large number of observations that he was fed at 9 a. m. and made these observations under a wide range of circumstances, on Wednesdays, on Thursdays, on cold days, on warm days. Each day he added another observation statement to his list. Finally he was satisfied that he had collected a number of observation statements to inductively infer that I am always fed at 9 a. m. However on the morning of Christmas eve he was not fed but instead had his throat cut. http://marr. bsee. swin. edu. au/~dtl/het704/lecture3/logfals/node6. html, 20th September 2004

Theories of How Individuals Interact in Groups in HSC

Theories of How Individuals Interact in Groups in HSC 2.1 Write an assay explaining theories of how individuals interact in groups, particularly applying them to teams that work in your Health and Social Care setting. The relationship between classical Grounded Theory (Glaser, 1978; Glaser Strauss, 1967) and the interpretive tradition of Symbolic Interactionism is strong and historical. Although this relationship has been discussed in previous publications as a given limited literature has explained the connections between their silent assumptions and concepts precisely and thoroughly (Chenitz Swanson, 1986; Crotty, 1998; Speziale Carpenter, 2007). Bruce Tuckman (1965) developed a 4-stage model of group development, this is his theory on how Health and Social Care professionals should be working effectively in managing human resources. The four stages of his theories are; Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing and also added a fifth stage of model to group development after 10 years which is Adjourning. The fifth model is when a professional breaks the knot and leaves the group without informing anyone. Forming: The group comes together and gets to initially know one other and form as a group. Forming is when a new set of Health and Social Care professionals are introducing one another by communicating and interacting in a group. They exchange information and set a target to be met as successful team work. The manager will need to set a clear guild to the Health and Social Care workers and it must be followed effectively so the colleagues avoid any misbehaviours and prevent from problems arising between each other in a team work. Forming is where a big group of Health and Social Care professionals are depending on one particular individual whom is a team leader or their role model, this person will have a huge responsibility in guiding the group of Health and Social Care professional to the right path in their carer to pass their activities. An agreement on team aims other than received from team leader. In this team individuals are not certain of their own role or responsibilities as they are all depending on one person who is the team leader. The team leader has skills and knowledge and must be willing to answer all the questions about the team purpose, activities and external relationships. Individuals test tolerance of system and leader directs to telling mode as he is in charge of the team and tells everyone to do what he wishes. Storming: A chaotic vying for leadership trialling of group processes. Storming is when a group of members dont agree with each others decisions, team members attempt to establish themselves in relation to another member in the team or team leader, who might receive challenging behaviour from a team member in disagreeing with decisions made. At this stage issues are developed over members having their own views rather than a whole team agreeing to one point of view. A team will only have conflict rising when they are not working effectively and the team leader is managing the group following the guild lines.   The improvement guide: a practical approach to enhancing organizational performance (GJ Langley, RD Moen, KM Nolan, TW Nolanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2009 books.google.com). Norming: Eventually an agreement is reached on how the group operates (norming) The third step, norming, is where the team members fall into agreement over the solutions for their team. In this step, the team members are able to talk openly about their opinions and have the ability to adjust their behaviour to avoid conflict. The team members agree on the teams values, rules, professional behaviour and methods of work (Armstrong, 2006). Performing: The group practices its craft and becomes effective in meeting its objectives. The final step, performing, is where the team fully understands, co-operates and supports one another, thereby working as a single unit rather than individuals. Teams that have reached this step display high levels of motivation, knowledge, competence and autonomy (Armstrong, 2006) Adjourning: The process of without informing the group, that is, letting go of the group structure and moving on. This is the fifth and last step Bruce Tuckman (1965) developed which breaks the team apart without any signals showing. References Aldiabat, Khaldoun M; Le Navenec, Carole-Lynne. The Qualitative Report; Fort Lauderdale16.4 (Jul 2011): 1063-1080. http://search.proquest.com/openview/55df192e1247c417cbc00ba1b141ca1d/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=55152 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01933928808411771?src=recsys

Creating Tension and Presenting the Themes in A View from the Bridge Es

Creating Tension and Presenting the Themes in A View from the Bridge Miller uses the climax of act 1 to create tension for the audience through the acting and the situation the characters are in, and to present the key themes of the play to the audience. Firstly, he uses dramatic irony to give the audience an insight into how the story is going to end, which creates frustration and tension for them, as although they can see how the story is developing, the characters can’t, this ties in with the theme of a Greek tragedy where there is a predestined conclusion. He uses the fact that in the 1950’s and especially in dockside and urban households, masculinity and being the ‘man of the house’ was a huge part of family life. He combines this with Eddies desire to control and obsession with authority, to put the audience on a knife-edge, as to when one of the characters will lose control and lash out. Miller also expands on the situation of relationships in the play, both within the family, and outside. This ties in with Eddie’s apparently incestuous feelings for Catherine, and this creates suspense and tension throughout the audience, as they don’t know what is going to happen about it. Stage Directions, play a large part of ‘A View From The Bridge’, as they give it the final touches which create tension for both the characters and the audience, they help show what a character is feeling, which allows the audience to empathize with the character, making it all the more believable and therefore creating more tension as they want to know what will happen. Alfieri’s monologue is also a main contributing factor to the tension, which slowly builds throughout the entire scene. The audience share Alfieri’s perspectiv... ...the play, just over there to send money home, but now it seems like he is taking an active part, and defending Rodolfo against Eddies slanderous onslaught. In conclusion, I feel that Arthur Miller creates tension in the climax to Act 1 in â€Å"A View From The Bridge,† in many different ways. These include the exploration and presentation of many of the key themes that Miller has sewn throughout the play, comprising mainly of: masculinity, incest, Greek tragedy, jealousy, pride and obsession. He uses surprise, and a ‘factor of the unknown’ to keep the audience in suspense as to when Eddie will lose control, but never in doubt to the fact that he will. All in all Miller uses a variety of techniques and themes to create tension for the audience and keep them in suspense for the whole play, and successfully draws on this to build huge climaxes at many points.

Alfredo Jaar

The findings in this paper are based on an art publication article â€Å"Images of inclusion – installation art by Alfredo Jaar† which is written by Richard Vine. Alfredo Jaar is one of the uncompromising artists today. He is a film maker, artists and architect.He was born in Santiago, Chile in 1956 but he is currently working and living in New York. Alfredo was trained in film, photography, installations and community based projects. He is able to present events such as political corruption, military conflicts and imbalances of power in developing and industrialized nations in for of art. In his work it includes incidences of toxic pollution in Nigeria, genocide in Rwanda, boarder conflicts of United States and Mexico and Gold mining inBrazil. His work Awards and ExhibitionsAlfredo Jaar is an award winner of many art awards which includes John Simon Guggenheim Memorial foundation in 1985, MacArthur Foundation Award in 2000, in 1987 he worn two awards fellowships from n ational endowment for the Art and Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Award.His work has been shown all over the world he has attended numerous exhibitions and the most renown once are in 1992 he attended to three exhibitions in new museum of contemporary art in New York, whitechapel in London and Museum of contemporary art at Chicago.   Alfredo Jaar Art is able to address highly controversial issues and be able to convey moral convictions without violating the honesty of the concept.He does it without misrepresenting the facts or the motive of the case. In most of the art which he has worked on his anger and sympathy is evident on how it is manifested. He ensures that he resist on any propaganda even in the most partisan pieces. In Jaar exhibition has a sense of beauty and professionalism his arts are attractive and has fur reaching effects on human relations especially on political and the differences of the developing and developed country.He has worked on highly politicized topic s which mostly addressed the issues of politics which are done without principles which mostly bring division and bad governance. All over the world cases of politics without principals attracts a lot interest in the public and other nations. So his advancement to present such an event in form of art people is able to relate to it.He also addresses issues of those who gain wealth without toiling and those who practice commercial activities without moral responsibility such as the pyramid schemes. His art also addresses those who gain knowledge without virtues and those who advance to scientific ventures with less considerations well its negative effects to humanity. The most prominent once are arts in commemorations of American civil movement of the early 1960’s; illegal Mexican immigrants into United States and none mechanized gold mining in Brazil.

Backsourcing Pain

When an individual from the United States nowadays calls the customer support center of a business organization, chances are the customer support representative is one who resides another country. Globalization has opened opportunities for businesses to outsource their IT and customer relations department to other countries, usually in Asia. Although offshore outsourcing is a relatively recent trend, companies outsourcing their IT needs to other countries in the United States have been going on for a very long time. Such was the case of JP Morgan Chase.This paper would provide a brief summary on the outsourcing venture with IBM in 2002 as well as the reasons for the premature termination of the venture between the two companies and whether the company’s decision was in full diligence in terms of the agreement between the two companies. It would also discuss the pros and cons of bringing back IT functions of JP Morgan Chase which were outsourced to IBM. Definition of Backsourci ng In order to full comprehend the decision of JP Morgan to backsource their IT functions, the definition and process of backsourcing should be first discussed.Companies have begun to look into outsourcing their Customer Relations and IT functions to other companies in order to acquire high quality services while cutting back expenses that the company would have to deal with if these were done in-house. However, once these operations are outsourced, it becomes more difficult to monitor the quality of service being provided. Because of this, many companies have decided to bring back these operations in-house through a process they have called â€Å"backsourcing† (Overby, 2005b; Tadelis, 2007).While this process may be the ideal choice for many companies who are unsatisfied with the services provided by the outsourcing company, many companies would rather choose to work thing out with the outsourcing companies as opposed to backsourcing the operations that have been originally outsourced because of the expenses that concur along with backsourcing so much so that out of the 70% of executives that have stated their disappointment in the quality of service being provided by outsourcing companies, only 25% of them have decided to backsource the operations that have been originally outsourced to other companies.These expenses include the reestablishment of all of its own systems, employees and operating procedures in order to realign these with the corporate structure and strategies of the company (Overby, 2005a). Backsourcing Endeavor of JP Morgan Chase Stephanie Overby’s (2005a) article â€Å"Outsourcing – and Backsourcing – at JP Morgan Chase† provides a look into the events surrounding the decision of the senior executives of JP Morgan Chase to outsource and ultimately backsource their IT functions to IBM.Since 2001, news started to circulate among the employees of JP Morgan Chase that the company was looking into outsourcing mo st of its IT functions to IBM. The venture was announced through a press release on December 20, 2002. The venture was to last seven years and had cost JP Morgan Chase $5 billion. In the contract between the two companies, IBM was to handle the data centers, helpdesks, distributed computing and data and voice networks of JP Morgan Chase. Thomas B.Ketchum stated in the press release that the venture would create an environment that will promote efficient growth of the company, acceleration of the innovation of the technology used of JP Morgan Chase, increase the service quality provided to the shareholders and customers of JP Morgan Chase and provide career opportunities for the employees of the IT department of JP Morgan Chase while reducing the expenses that the company would otherwise have to face (Overby, 2005a). Unfortunately, this was not the case.Many employees of JP Morgan Chase have stated that once the venture was underway, they had to first be re-interviewed by the executi ves of IBM for the same position that they were employed in prior to the outsourcing of the IT functions to IBM by JP Morgan Chase. Many of the employees have been laid off as a result. Those who were retained experienced salary cuts of as much as 20% (Overby, 2005a). On September 15, 2004, JP Morgan Chase had announced through a press release that they were prematurely ending their outsourcing venture with IBM.Austin Adams, CIO of JP Morgan Chase, stated in the press release that the decision was reached after the senior executives of the company believed that managing their own IT functions was the best options for the company in order to attain its long term goals since it would provide competitive advantages and more efficiency in the level of service being provided. Another reason for the decision was the completion of the merger between JP Morgan Chase and Bank One which was finalized on July 1, 2004.Because Bank One had previous experiences in backsourcing their own IT functi ons, the merger between Bank One and JP Morgan Chase would ensure a smoother backsourcing transition (Overby, 2005a). Diligence of JP Morgan Chase’s Backsourcing Just like all backsourcing projects of different companies, many analysts have viewed that the outsourcing and subsequent backsourcing of the company’s IT functions were both costly and challenging despite its senior executive being noted to state that the transitions were smooth.This was supported by the lack of diligence the senior executives placed on the morale and security of its employees as well as its selection of the outsourcing company (Overby, 2005a). In the past three years, IBM has made a mark in being an outsourcing company so much so that the company’s outsourcing activities, handled by IBM Global Services, was accountable in increasing IBM’s revenues from $36. 3 billion to $46. 2 billion between 2002 and 2004.During the time that JP Morgan Chase entered in an outsourcing venture w ith IBM, IBM has already been handling the outsourcing services of many multibillion dollar companies which included American Express, Deutsche Bank and Michelin. This impressive clientele would initially make any company looking into outsourcing their IT functions make IBM a viable choice (Overby, 2005a). However, the senior executives of JP Morgan Chase have failed to look more closely into the quality of service and performance provided by IBM to its outsourcing clients by doing more background research.Many financial experts including Schonenbach and Dane Anderson, program director of Meta Group, have actually noted that while IBM may continuously be catering to multibillion dollar companies, the most recent deals closed by the company have been significantly smaller and only lasting for a short period of time. This sudden shift on the contracts and deals closed by IBM resulted in the fact that multi-billion dollar deals are initially not lucrative on the part of the outsourcing companies.Hence, they would try to compensate for their losses by charging their clients for services which they would consider to be not included in the original contract signs. Oftentimes, the corporate clients would resist in paying for these added services and improvements in spite of them agreeing that these are necessary, severely hampering the IT functions needed by the corporate client (Overby, 2005a).Another shortcoming committed by JP Morgan Chase when deciding the outsourcing company they selected was to take into consideration of the experience of Bank One with IBM when they outsourced their IT functions that caused them to pull out their IT functions and return the operations in-house a few years prior to the completion of the merger between the two banks. In their experience, Bank One viewed that outsourcing their IT functions to IBM caused a stagnation of their entire IT staff.Once the venture between Bank One and IBM, the venture failed to meet the bank’s goa l to provide a competitive advantage as far as technology was concerned because the technology used was not updated during the venture and new projects were not looked into. Bank One also noticed that there were a number of things that were some things that were not accomplished as a result of the vagueness of the contract between the two companies. This provided a loophole for IBM to charge for services that were not previously done by the bank when the IT functions were still in-house.As a result, these additional services were not completed unless Bank One would pay more. One example of this was the need to add or remove user of a particular account, this would mean that the IT department would need to update all 1,500 servers being used by for the needs of the company manually. Although a Tivoli module was introduced that could allow the updating of the banks databases and servers faster and more efficiently, this was never implemented by IBM since Bank One refused to pay for th e additional costs that IBM was charging them for this module (Overby, 2005a).As a result of the failure of the executives of JP Morgan Chase to look more closely into these factors, the company not only experienced the same challenges that Bank One faced when it outsourced its IT functions to IBM, but also experienced a decrease in the morale of their employees as well as their level of trust towards the company. Employees no longer believe in anything that the senior executives would say or do (Overby, 2005a).Moreover, the executives failed to take into consideration the work and effort that would be needed in the backsourcing process. Jeff Kaplan, senior consultant with the Cutter Consortium’s Sourcing and Vendor Relationship Advisory Services and the managing director of ThinkStrategies, stated that there were seven steps that every company who is considering to backsource IT functions that have been outsourced to another company must take in order to ensure a smooth tran sition in bringing back the IT functions in-house.Among these steps, Kaplan mentioned that the company must first establish a schedule and plan for the backsourcing process which should include provisions in order to ensure that the outsourcing company would be able to support the client until such time that it is able to reassume complete control of its operations. The company must also be able to determine the staff rearrangement and responsibilities at the soonest possible time in order to minimize the decrease in the productivity and morale of the employees (Overby, 2005b).Unfortunately, this was not the case as clearly seen in the problems that JP Morgan Chase had to face during the backsourcing process. During the period when IBM handled the outsourced IT functions of JP Morgan Chase, employees were unable to get their jobs done because they did not feel that they were secure in their respective positions regardless on whether they were permanent employees of JP Morgan Chase o r contractual.Because they were unsure on whether they would be relocated to IBM, retained in JP Morgan Chase or laid off altogether, employees began to become hesitant in committing to new projects, resulting to JP Morgan Chase’s revenue to decline. More and more of the ongoing projects of JP Morgan had begun to also slow down in terms of its development and completion, causing an increase in the pent-up demands for IT services (Overby, 2005a). Things did not improve during when the backsourcing process was underway.JP Morgan Chase now had to reverse all the reorganization done in order to support its IT function. This caused disruptions in the normal operations of the company because both managers and staff members to re-establish the systems and operating procedures back into the company. On top of this, JP Morgan Chase had just completed a merger with Bank One. This resulted to a re-shuffling of the employees of the two companies based on the different staffing levels, cu rrent skills, budget and working assignments.In the end, more employees were laid off and more projects piled up (Overby, 2005b). Key Lessons from JP Morgan Chase’s Outsourcing Venture The decision to backsource or to switch vendors is becoming increasingly common as firms vie for ways to continue to IT costs and improve IT service levels (Whitten & Leidner, 2006). The outsourcing venture and subsequent backsourcing of the IT functions of JP Morgan Chase provides companies who are looking into outsourcing their own IT functions to other companies whether within the United States or overseas.While it is true that in the long run, outsourcing IT functions are able to minimize the expenses that a company would otherwise incur should the IT function remain in-house, companies should understand that these does not happen immediately. As such, executives of the company should first perform an operations audit and needs assessment in order to evaluate and weigh whether outsourcing t heir IT functions is indeed the most viable venture that the company should invest in. Indeed, deciding hastily on an outsourcing venture expected on instant improvements would lead to higher unit costs in the long run (Hummerston, 2007).Another lesson that could be gathered from the case of JP Morgan Chase is the amount of diligence that executives should put into with regard to the contract between the client and the outsourcing company in order to ensure that not only both parties would benefit from the venture, but would ensure that the client would be able to terminate the contract and regain control of the venture in the event that after careful evaluation, the outsourcing venture is not meeting up with the expectations of the client.While it can be assumed that JP Morgan Chase had ensured that there were such provisions allocated in the contract that they have signed with IBM regarding their outsourcing venture, the experiences and challenges JP Morgan Chase had to overcome d uring the short period of time that IBM handled its IT responsibilities.Aside from experiencing similar instances that had occurred with Bank One, many employees of JP Morgan Chase have stated that the situation between JP Morgan Chase and IBM was so dire that even the most trivial everyday activities were not accomplished because of contract obligations, which included the restocking of office supplies that are needed such as batteries for pagers, and reams of bond paper (Overby, 2005a; Overby 2005b).Ironically, the best time to think about backsourcing a company’s IT function is during the period when the company is just considering in outsourcing its IT functions. The reason for this is for the company to ensure that the expenses and the time to be allotted in both the outsourcing and backsourcing would not have an adverse effect not just on the morale and level of trust the employees of the company have, but also the overall productivity and financial standing of the comp any (Overby, 2005b).